Research | Forskning

Denne artikel belyser spørgsmålet om regulering af kunstig intelligens og andre avancerede teknologier ud fra princippet om ansvarsplacering for skadevoldende adfærd. Artiklen sporer dette princip tilbage til Hammurabis ældgamle lovsamling og viser, hvorfor det kan være svært at opretholde i dag, hv… Denne artikel belyser spørgsmålet om regulering af kunstig intelligens og andre avancerede teknologier ud fra princippet om ansvarsplacering for skadevoldende adfærd. Artiklen sporer dette princip tilbage til Hammurabis ældgamle lovsamling og viser, hvorfor det kan være svært at opretholde i dag, hvor både avancerede teknologier og komplekse organisationsformer står i vejen for rent juridiske vurderinger og kalder på emnemæssig ekspertise. Det rejser spørgsmålet, om ikke der er behov for en specialdomstol for kunstig intelligens, og artiklen peger på, at der med strukturudvalget for domstolenes igangværende arbejde er en gylden mulighed for at overveje netop det spørgsmål. På den baggrund kalder forfatterne på tværfaglig debat om, hvordan vi bedst ruster domstolene til at kunne placere ansvar for både kunstig intelligens’ og andre teknologiers fejltrin. Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

This contribution is a country report on the use of AI in the public sector in Denmark. The contribution touches upon some of the tendencies in Denmark regarding the use of AI in the Public Sector. The contribution also shows that in relation to public procurement rules and practices, there are no a… This contribution is a country report on the use of AI in the public sector in Denmark. The contribution touches upon some of the tendencies in Denmark regarding the use of AI in the Public Sector. The contribution also shows that in relation to public procurement rules and practices, there are no additional rules or guidance to be found from the official authorities as well as there is no case law where AI and procurement are involved. Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

Som et af de første lande i verden fik Danmark i 2018 en erklæret politik om digitaliseringsklar lovgivning, som hviler på en aftale mellem alle Folketingets partier. Intentionen er, at lovgivning skal formuleres således, at den tilvejebringer rammebetingelser for en hel eller delvis digital offentl… Som et af de første lande i verden fik Danmark i 2018 en erklæret politik om digitaliseringsklar lovgivning, som hviler på en aftale mellem alle Folketingets partier. Intentionen er, at lovgivning skal formuleres således, at den tilvejebringer rammebetingelser for en hel eller delvis digital offentlig administration, hvor teknologi understøtter en bedre og mere effektiv opgaveløsning. Med udgangspunkt i den lovgivningsmæssige realisering og implementering af den politisk høj-profilerede, såkaldte ”Tidlig Pension” (”Arne-Pension”) undersøger artiklen, hvad der sker når ambitionerne om digitaliseringsklar lovgivning møder virkeligheden. Tidlig Pension er særlig interessant fordi der allerede som led i den politiske promovering af ideen blev lagt vægt på betydningen af objektive kriterier. Artiklen er baseret på analyse af bl.a. politiske aftale-tekster, lovgivning, forarbejder og dokumenter fra de involverede myndigheder. Konklusionen ér, at ambitionen om digitaliseringsklar lovgivning udfordres af, at den virkelighed, som lovgivningen skal anvendes på, ikke er enkel og ligetil, og det derfor i praksis er vanskeligt at udforme enkle og objektive regler. Desuden nødvendiggør implementeringen af digitaliseringsklar lovgivning en grundighed og detailviden om data og teknologi, som udfores af en stigende hastighed i lovgivningsprocesser. Artiklen understreger betydningen af samspillet mellem lovgivningsprocessen og ambitionen om digitaliseringsklar lovgivning, herunder at dette samspil underkastes offentlig såvel som forskningsmæssig debat. Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

In 2025, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ended the extensive debate on whether the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) includes a right to an explanation when a data subject is digitally profiled and a decision is made based on the profile. The Court also addressed the level… In 2025, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ended the extensive debate on whether the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) includes a right to an explanation when a data subject is digitally profiled and a decision is made based on the profile. The Court also addressed the level of detail required in the explanation and several other issues. However, while the Court has settled the existence of an explanation duty, it has not exhausted its scope. Post the recent case law, this article argues that the unresolved centre of gravity in the GDPR’s “right to explanation” is no longer what must be explained about the data processing and profiling. However, the rulings leave several research questions unanswered, including whether – and if so – how far the explanation must extend to external norms, which in the public sector are usually statutory provisions and their interpretation and operationalisation in automated decision rules applied to a set of personal data, including profiles, thereby forming a decision regarding the data subject. Read more

Research | Forskning

This thematic section explores oversight not as a discrete instrument, but as a governance architecture embedded in law, institutions, and technical systems – and enacted in practice. Whether technology is the object of oversight or the means by which it is carried out, accountability ultimately rem… This thematic section explores oversight not as a discrete instrument, but as a governance architecture embedded in law, institutions, and technical systems – and enacted in practice. Whether technology is the object of oversight or the means by which it is carried out, accountability ultimately remains anchored in public authority and attaches to identifiable institutions and persons, even where execution is automated. Reasons must be provided, decisions explained and reviewable, and mistakes corrected. The contributions gathered here map that responsibility across legal bases (such as the GDPR, the AI Act, administrative law, freedom of information etc.), across organisational roles (such as providers, deployers, regulators, auditors), and across jurisdictions and regulatory sectors. They also show that effective oversight must operate both preventively and reactively. It begins in design and continues in review, binding what happens in a single file to the standards and interfaces that govern the system as a whole, and connecting duties in the individual case with architectural choices, interoperability arrangements, and impact-assessment practice. Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

The EU Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act has sparked debates about establishing new or expanded information rights for citizens affected by AI-based administrative decision-making (AADM). While some argue that new or expanded information rights to citizens are reasonable and ethically recommendable,… The EU Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act has sparked debates about establishing new or expanded information rights for citizens affected by AI-based administrative decision-making (AADM). While some argue that new or expanded information rights to citizens are reasonable and ethically recommendable, others caution that such rights may inhibit innovation. However, as with any public debate, arguments should be grounded in a clear understanding of existing rights enshrined in current regulations. This article conducts a legal dogmatic analysis of the right to good administration in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU Charter) and its constituent information rights, namely the right to consultation, the right to access, and the right to an explanation, to provide a foundation for future debates on new or expanded information rights for citizens affected by AADM. Moreover, this article explores how the transparency provision in Article 13 of the AI Act interacts with these information rights and discusses whether these regulations collectively form a robust legal framework for citizens affected by AADM. Our approach to selecting and examining legal sources mirrors that of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as the Court holds the interpretation privilege of the examined provisions (dogmatic method within legal realism). Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

Fra forvaltningsjurist til udviklings- og driftsjurist er en tværfaglig fremstilling, hvis formål er at sikre, at de juridiske professioner både fagligt og kommunikativt kan bidrage til, at offentlige digitaliseringsprocesser munder ud i en kombination af digitale og analoge arbejdsgange, der unders… Fra forvaltningsjurist til udviklings- og driftsjurist er en tværfaglig fremstilling, hvis formål er at sikre, at de juridiske professioner både fagligt og kommunikativt kan bidrage til, at offentlige digitaliseringsprocesser munder ud i en kombination af digitale og analoge arbejdsgange, der understøtter overholdelse af lovgivningen samt fremmer god forvaltningsskik. Bogens fokus er de almindelige retlige krav til tilrettelæggelse af myndighedsudøvelse. Tilgangen er på en gang nyskabende og traditionel, idet forfatterne med deres udviklings- og kommunikationsperspektiv på sæt og vis vender tilbage til forvaltningsjuristernes fortid, hvor store teoretikere som Bent Christensen ”vendte tingene på hovedet” og anvendte et såkaldt førsteinstansperspektiv frem for et prøvelsesperspektiv. Det skyldes, at bogens hovedinteresse er, hvordan udvikling og anvendelse af digitale løsninger tilrettelægges på en sådan måde, at myndighederne bedst muligt kan udføre deres centrale samfundsmæssige opgave med at realisere lovgivningen. Read more

Research | Forskning

In this report leading researchers within law and digitalisation from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Denmark present the fundamental characteristics of the digitalization of their national public administrations from a legal perspective. An important conclusion of the DigiL… In this report leading researchers within law and digitalisation from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Denmark present the fundamental characteristics of the digitalization of their national public administrations from a legal perspective. An important conclusion of the DigiLaw project is that the Nordic-Baltic countries possess different specialised expertise and experiences when it comes to public digitalisation, and from different angles and at various levels, all researchers recommend strengthening the Nordic-Baltic cooperation when it comes to sharing experiences and handling challenges related to public digitalization. Read more

Research | Forskning

Denmark’s public administration is among the most digitised in the world. The technological landscape is characterised by an early development of a comprehensive infrastructure consisting of databases for data sharing within and between public authorities and a centralised development of key technol… Denmark’s public administration is among the most digitised in the world. The technological landscape is characterised by an early development of a comprehensive infrastructure consisting of databases for data sharing within and between public authorities and a centralised development of key technologies. The latter refers to, for example, an authentication system, a signature system, shared portals for self-service systems, one official bank account, a mandatory public email account for all Danish citizens in a centralised system, etc. Read more

Research | Forskning

L’A. affronta la problematica della digitalizzazione della pubblica amministrazione danese, esponendo i principi alla base dello sviluppo del diritto amministrativo danese: buona amministrazione, responsabilità e accountability; quindi, esamina le tendenze del diritto digitale dell’Unione Europea e… L’A. affronta la problematica della digitalizzazione della pubblica amministrazione danese, esponendo i principi alla base dello sviluppo del diritto amministrativo danese: buona amministrazione, responsabilità e accountability; quindi, esamina le tendenze del diritto digitale dell’Unione Europea e le forme di protezione dei dati, della sicurezza informatica, dell’informazione e dell’A.I. The Author addresses the issue of the digitalisation of Danish public administration, exposing the principles underlying the development of Danish administrative law: good administration, responsibility and accountability. The author also examines trends in European Union digital law and types of data protection, cybersecurity, information, and artificial intelligence (A.I.). Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

The European Commission’s proposal for a regulation on artificial intelligence may impose an unnecessary burden on public authorities in relation to overlaps with other applicable regulations when the regulation comes into effect. The Commission is aware of this as far as the GDPR is concerned and c… The European Commission’s proposal for a regulation on artificial intelligence may impose an unnecessary burden on public authorities in relation to overlaps with other applicable regulations when the regulation comes into effect. The Commission is aware of this as far as the GDPR is concerned and can be expected to address overlaps as part of the legislative process. However, this article points out that similar problems will arise at a national level in Denmark as Danish national administrative law is well developed in a digital context. Based on this background, and as the fundamental principles of administrative law have significant similarities within the EU Member States, further research within administrative law is encouraged in order to provide the necessary insights before the Member States’ legal systems are to be adapted to the forthcoming EU regulation. Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

Begrebet compliance er for alvor kommet på dagsorden. Compliance anvendes i mange forskellige sammenhænge og dækker bl.a. over, at det skal sikres, at love og regler overholdes. Termen har længe været brugt i udlandet, og i Danmark kender vi særligt begrebet fra den finansielle sektor, ligesom compl… Begrebet compliance er for alvor kommet på dagsorden. Compliance anvendes i mange forskellige sammenhænge og dækker bl.a. over, at det skal sikres, at love og regler overholdes. Termen har længe været brugt i udlandet, og i Danmark kender vi særligt begrebet fra den finansielle sektor, ligesom compliance ofte er knyttet til de juridiske afdelinger i virksomheder. COMPLIANCE I DEN OFFENTLIGE SEKTOR er først og fremmest en lærebog til valgfaget med samme titel på den juridiske grunduddannelse på Københavns Universitet. Ønsket med faget er at forberede de studerende på deres fremtidige arbejdsliv, idet mange kandidater vil udføre compliancearbejde i deres kommende virke, f.eks. som jurister i den offentlige sektor. Bogen gennemgår reguleringen på en række områder, som er nyttig baggrundsviden for arbejdet med compliance i det offentlige. Bogen kan derfor også benyttes af praktikere og andre, der er interesserede i compliance. Read more

Research | Forskning

Databeskyttelsesforordningens styrkelse af ansvarlighedsprincippet er formentlig en af hovedårsagerne til, at reguleringen i dag har en langt større betydning for hverdagen i virksomheders og myndigheders organisationer. På baggrund af en kort gennemgang af det databeskyttelsesretlige ansvarlighedsp… Databeskyttelsesforordningens styrkelse af ansvarlighedsprincippet er formentlig en af hovedårsagerne til, at reguleringen i dag har en langt større betydning for hverdagen i virksomheders og myndigheders organisationer. På baggrund af en kort gennemgang af det databeskyttelsesretlige ansvarlighedsprincips udviklingshistorik undersøges princippets nærmere indhold. Fokus er rettet mod anvendelsen i dansk tilsynspraksis, og det afdækkes, at den etablerede tilsynspraksis giver visse pejlemærker i forhold til, hvilke krav de dataansvarlige (og i et vist omfang databehandlerne) skal leve op til. Read more

Research | Forskning

It is mainly within the last decade that courts in the Nordic and the Baltic states have opened for a more thorough digitalization of their court systems. This short study aims at establishing an overview of the technological developments and the current level of digitalization at the courts in eigh… It is mainly within the last decade that courts in the Nordic and the Baltic states have opened for a more thorough digitalization of their court systems. This short study aims at establishing an overview of the technological developments and the current level of digitalization at the courts in eight Nordic and Baltic countries. Focus is especially on the case handling portals which today in various shapes set the frame for the ways in which parties go to court in the examined countries Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

This paper argues that jurisprudence can offer a relevant contribution to the international debate on the use of artificial intelligence in the public sector. From a legal perspective, a distinction can and should be made between two types of AI-based solutions, namely fact-producing and those that… This paper argues that jurisprudence can offer a relevant contribution to the international debate on the use of artificial intelligence in the public sector. From a legal perspective, a distinction can and should be made between two types of AI-based solutions, namely fact-producing and those that represent a transformation of norms (legislation). Under Danish Administrative Law, mainly the latter solutions must be fully explainable. This distinction might be relevant for other disciplines than jurisprudence and be a contribution to the internationally debated hot topic of whether transparency must be ensured via ethical principles or regulation. Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

The public sector in Denmark is the most digitized in the world. Recent years have, however, shown that transparency is challenged, and public debate has exploded. The focus has in many ways been on a lack of transparency, but the public debate has been muddled by a lack of clarity on what the term… The public sector in Denmark is the most digitized in the world. Recent years have, however, shown that transparency is challenged, and public debate has exploded. The focus has in many ways been on a lack of transparency, but the public debate has been muddled by a lack of clarity on what the term means. This paper identifies four different aspects of transparency when it comes to digital government. This is transparency of algorithms, and of data, as well as of the decision processes when digitalization and development are initiated. The latter can be divided into transparency of administrative decisions, and of democratic debate. The democratic transparency has been sorely lacking in Denmark leading to a significant democratic deficit in digital government. This is due to very low transparency when decisions on digitization measures are presented for the democratic elected representatives. The latter in particular calls for more research, since lack of democratic transparency poses a danger to the stability of democratic societies. Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

Denmark is far ahead in developing Digital Government. The digital infrastructure is highly developed. Automated decision-making is used on a growing scale within the areas of tax, environmental regulation and welfare. In some narrow and defined areas AI is integrated. This is not without issues, as… Denmark is far ahead in developing Digital Government. The digital infrastructure is highly developed. Automated decision-making is used on a growing scale within the areas of tax, environmental regulation and welfare. In some narrow and defined areas AI is integrated. This is not without issues, as challenges have emerged. One of these challenges is a loss of insight by the public authorities into the formation of decisions directed at citizens. This is mainly due to the outsourcing of the development and maintenance of the used technologies. As an example, the Minister of Taxation in 2014 reported to the national Parliament that the tax authorities had lost the insight into, as well as the control of, more than 200 systems used within this area of administration. Only the private suppliers of those systems possessed the knowledge necessary to describe and change the functionalities and digital decision-making. Therefore, to a certain extent power of decision-making had – unofficially – been outsourced to private suppliers. This unwanted side effect of digitalisation was, however, counteracted by the Danish Ombudsman in a recent case concerning one of the core Danish digital infrastructure components (the national NemID). In the summer of 2017 the Ombudsman stated that if private companies were to develop and operate such critical digital infrastructure, the explicit acceptance of the democratically legitimised parliament was required. This applies, even though a public procurement procedure has been performed legally correct per the Ombudsman. This paper will focus on this challenges caused by digitalisation of the public sector, the disruption of the allocation of administrative and legislative power in the national constitution. An argument will be developed through an examination of both recent literature as well as case-law from the Danish Parliamentary Ombudsman, ultimately resulting in a presentation of the current Danish solution to the challenges described above – which hopefully can inspire and serve as an input to a discussion of the relationship between private suppliers of digital services and public authorities at a European level. Read more

Research | Forskning - peer review

Emnet for artiklen er børns ret til at blive hørt. I artiklen analyseres tre udvalgte danske regelsæt i relation til børns ret til at blive hørt og hørt efter, når der verserer sag om deres forhold. Udgangspunktet for analysen er Jørgen Dalberg-Larsens begrebsapparat vedrørende en rettigheds- og bes… Emnet for artiklen er børns ret til at blive hørt. I artiklen analyseres tre udvalgte danske regelsæt i relation til børns ret til at blive hørt og hørt efter, når der verserer sag om deres forhold. Udgangspunktet for analysen er Jørgen Dalberg-Larsens begrebsapparat vedrørende en rettigheds- og beskyttelsestankegang. Det konkluderes, at der helt klart er rum for forbedring i de udvalgte love, og der argumenteres retspolitisk for, at området ofres fornyet opmærksomhed. Read more

Communication | Formidling

Kommunerne arver Sorteper, når forældre med fælles forældremyndighed ikke kan blive enige om skolevalg. Men en gammel regel i folkeskoleloven kan få kabalen til at gå op.